Plasma

Plasma is a state of matter where a gas becomes ionised, meaning its atoms are energised to the point that electrons separate from their nuclei. This creates a mixture of positively charged ions and free electrons, resulting in a highly conductive medium capable of carrying electrical currents and generating intense heat.

On a technical level, plasma is often referred to as the fourth state of matter, distinct from solid, liquid, and gas. It forms when sufficient energy is applied to a gas, such as heat or an electromagnetic field, causing ionisation. Plasmas can reach extremely high temperatures and are used in both natural and engineered environments, from lightning and stars to industrial processes like plasma cutting, welding, and surface treatment.

In manufacturing applications, plasma’s conductivity and thermal energy make it a powerful tool for cutting and shaping metals. When controlled through torches or machines, plasma jets can melt and expel material with precision. Beyond metalworking, plasma is also utilised in electronics manufacturing, sterilisation, coatings, and advanced scientific research.

Highlights

• Ionised gas composed of free electrons and positive ions

• Known as the fourth state of matter, distinct from solid, liquid, and gas

• Forms when gas is energised enough to cause ionisation

• Highly conductive and capable of carrying electrical currents

• Found naturally in stars, lightning, and auroras

• Applied in industry for cutting, welding, coating, and material processing

• Enables high temperatures and precision in controlled applications